Funding from research and development contracts and tax credits are recognized as reductions in operating expenses during the period in which the services are performed and related direct expenses are incurred, as follows:
| 2013 | 2012 | 2011 | ||||||||||
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Research and development expense |
$ | 7,850 | $ | 11,361 | $ | 11,827 | ||||||
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Contract funding and refundable research and development tax credits |
(873 | ) | (769 | ) | (1,079 | ) | ||||||
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Net research and development |
$ | 6,977 | $ | 10,592 | $ | 10,748 | ||||||
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