PPG INDUSTRIES INC | 2013 | FY | 3

The following are the research and development costs for the years ended December 31:
(Millions)
2013
 
2012
 
2011
Research and development – total
$
505

 
$
468

 
$
443

Less depreciation on research facilities
17

 
15

 
15

Research and development, net
$
488

 
$
453

 
$
428

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