The following table summarizes the restructuring expense by segment for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014:
 
 
Year Ended December 31,
 
 
2016
 
2015
 
2014
North America
 
$
1,680

 
$
5,232

 
$
105

Europe
 
42,008

 
47,868

 
16,866

Asia Pacific
 
2,343

 
744

 
443

Total
 
$
46,031

 
$
53,844

 
$
17,414